Question 1

What is tenth-lining in Kenyan court pleadings and Records of Appeal?

Accepted Answer

Tenth-lining is the statutory requirement under Kenyan appellate and superior court practice directions—including Rule 89 of the Court of Appeal Rules, 2022 and Rule 15 of the Supreme Court Rules, 2020—that every tenth line (10, 20, 30, 40, etc.) of pleadings, witness affidavits, written submissions, and Records of Appeal be numbered in the page margin so judges and opposing counsel can cite exact passages during oral or virtual hearings.

Question 2

Which Kenyan courts require tenth-lining and continuous running pagination?

Accepted Answer

Mandatory tenth-lining and continuous running pagination apply in the Supreme Court of Kenya and the Court of Appeal of Kenya (Records of Appeal, Supplementary Records, and Written Submissions), and are standard practice across the High Court of Kenya (Civil, Commercial & Tax, Constitutional & Human Rights, Judicial Review, Family, and Anti-Corruption Divisions), the Employment and Labour Relations Court (ELRC), the Environment and Land Court (ELC), and Subordinate Courts when filing trial bundles on the Judiciary CTS e-Filing portal.

Question 3

How do I tenth-line a PDF after converting from Microsoft Word or scanning a signed pleading?

Accepted Answer

Upload your PDF to KortiBundle’s Quick Single-PDF Tenth-Liner or Full Bundle Studio. KortiBundle’s hybrid vector + OCR line-detection engine automatically identifies every physical line of text on each page—excluding running headers and footers—and stamps clean vector numbers (10, 20, 30...) in the right or left margin without altering your document layout or word-processor formatting.

Question 4

Should cover pages, tables of contents (indices), and exhibit divider sheets be tenth-lined?

Accepted Answer

No. Under Kenyan appellate practice, court cover sheets, statutory Tables of Contents (Indices), and Commissioner for Oaths exhibit divider sheets are excluded from tenth-lining while remaining part of the bundle’s pagination sequence. KortiBundle automatically skips tenth-lining on generated covers, indices, and divider sheets, and lets you toggle tenth-lining on or off for any individual page in the Interactive Page Inspector.

Question 5

Are PDFs exported from KortiBundle compatible with the Judiciary of Kenya e-Filing (CTS) portal?

Accepted Answer

Yes. KortiBundle exports standardized A4 PDF bundles with embedded fonts, clickable internal Table of Contents hyperlinks, PDF outline bookmarks for every document and annexure, and flat vector pagination and tenth-line stamps designed for seamless upload to the Judiciary Case Tracking System (CTS / efiling.court.go.ke).

Question 6

How does KortiBundle handle multi-volume Records of Appeal or large Trial Bundles?

Accepted Answer

KortiBundle includes court-specific presets—such as the Supreme Court 150-page volume cap and Judiciary e-Filing ≤ 50 MB per volume threshold—and allows you to continue running pagination seamlessly across Volume 1, Volume 2, and Supplementary Bundles using the custom Start Page Number setting.

Question 7

Can KortiBundle automatically detect annexures and generate Commissioner for Oaths exhibit divider sheets?

Accepted Answer

Yes. In Full Bundle Studio, you can organize pleadings, witness statements, and annexures in statutory filing order, automatically insert formatted exhibit divider sheets with Commissioner for Oaths attestation blocks, and list every exhibit with its exact page range in the master Table of Contents.

Question 8

Does the Table of Contents (Index) have clickable links to each document and exhibit?

Accepted Answer

Yes. Every entry in the generated statutory Table of Contents is hyperlinked directly to the exact starting page of that pleading, affidavit, annexure, or authority inside the compiled PDF, alongside native PDF viewer bookmarks for rapid bench navigation.

Question 9

Does KortiBundle work on scanned affidavits, handwritten exhibits, and older court judgments?

Accepted Answer

Yes. KortiBundle combines native PDF text extraction with a high-accuracy OCR line-segmentation pipeline so scanned affidavits, stamped annexures, and typed lower-court proceedings receive accurate tenth-line margin markers and running page numbers without degrading scan clarity.

Question 10

What if my uploaded documents already have old page numbers that conflict with the bundle’s running pagination?

Accepted Answer

KortiBundle features automated legacy page-number recognition and erasure, plus manual redaction/whiteout boxes and stand-out running pagination badges (top-right, bottom-right, or bottom-center) so the new bundle page number is unmistakable and never overlaps old footer numbers.

Question 11

Can I manually move or remove a tenth-line marker or page number if a page has a stamp, signature, or table?

Accepted Answer

Yes. Before exporting your final PDF, the Interactive Page Inspector lets you preview every page, drag any tenth-line marker or page-number badge to a clear margin position, adjust line spacing or font size, rotate landscape schedules, or disable tenth-lining on specific pages.

Question 12

Can I start bundle pagination from a custom page number (e.g., for a Supplementary Record of Appeal)?

Accepted Answer

Yes. You can set any custom starting page number (for example, starting Volume 2 or a Supplementary Bundle at Page 251) and optionally exclude cover and index pages from the numbered sequence.

Question 13

Are confidential client pleadings stored permanently on KortiBundle servers?

Accepted Answer

No. In strict compliance with advocate-client privilege and the Kenya Data Protection Act, 2019 (Act No. 24 of 2019), uploaded documents are processed inside isolated ephemeral session workspaces. Active sessions are destroyed immediately when you exit the inspector, and any residual temporary files are automatically purged within 24 hours.

Question 14

Are my uploaded legal documents ever used to train public AI models?

Accepted Answer

Never. Your pleadings, witness statements, annexures, and Bundle Counsel queries remain strictly private to your session and are never shared with third parties or used to train external AI models.

Question 15

What is Bundle Counsel AI, and how does it verify citations?

Accepted Answer

Bundle Counsel is KortiBundle’s built-in litigation assistant that indexes the exact page and line coordinates of your active bundle so you can ask questions, locate specific witness averments or exhibits, and jump directly to verified Page and Line citations (e.g., Page 42, Line 20) while preparing for hearings or drafting submissions.

Question 16

How do Advocates and Law Firms pay for KortiBundle passes?

Accepted Answer

KortiBundle supports instant Safaricom M-Pesa STK Push checkout in Kenyan Shillings (KES) for flexible per-document, daily, or chambers passes—no credit card or recurring foreign-currency subscription required.

Section 106B(4) Certificate of Electronic Evidence Drafter & Guide (Evidence Act Cap 80)

Frequently Asked Questions

When is a Section 106B(4) Certificate of Electronic Evidence mandatory in Kenya?

Who can sign a Section 106B(4) Certificate under the Kenya Evidence Act?